martes, 22 de octubre de 2013
martes, 15 de octubre de 2013
Sociolinguistics
1. What is the relationship between society and language?
The language is the way that the society use to communicate something.
2. If we talk about the same language, why do you think it varies from one place to another?
Because exists different cultures and different ways to teach and learn the same things.
3. Besides the place, what other things do you think affects the way we speak?
The pronunciation is very important because the shape can be afect the real meaning, The accent because it depend on that we neutralized our accent, many people are misunderstood because of using words or expressions inappropriately.
To research on the web:
4. What is the difference between accent and dialect?
In linguistics, an accent depends mostly on pronunciation of specific words or phrases. An accent is the manner in which different people pronounce words differently from each other. A dialect is a variation in the language itself and not only in the pronunciation. Dialect is a type of language that is derived from a primary language.
5. What information can you find about these terms:
Covert Prestige:
A standard dialect speaker of English who intentionally switches to use of social markers such as ain't and he don't is said to seek covert prestige.
Overt Prestige:
Speakers of non-standard varieties who adopt [to some degree] the standard variety.
Speaker is seeking to associate self with general prestigious dialect within a society
Pidgin Language:
(origin in Engl. word `business'?) is nobody's native language; may arise when two speakers of different languages with no common language try to have a makeshift conversation. Lexicon usually comes from one language, structure often from the other. Because of colonialism, slavery etc. the prestige of Pidgin languages is very low. Many pidgins are `contact vernaculars', may only exist for one speech event.
Creole Language:
(orig. person of European descent born and raised in a tropical colony) is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, i.e. a community of speakers claims it as their first language. Next used to designate the language(s) of people of Caribbean and African descent in colonial and ex-colonial countries (Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, Réunion, Hawaii, Pitcairn, etc.).
Discuss with a friend if you understood what these terms mean.
lunes, 14 de octubre de 2013
martes, 24 de septiembre de 2013
Syntax
Terms
|
Definition
|
|
Syntax
|
In linguistics, the study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is one of the major components of grammar. |
|
Grammar
|
the
structure and system of a language, or of languages in general, usually
considered to consist of syntax and morphology.
|
|
Parse Tree
|
is an
(ordered, rooted) tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some formal grammar. In a parse tree, the interior nodes are labeled by non-terminals of the grammar, while
the leaf nodes are labeled by terminals of the grammar.
|
|
Noun Phrase
|
|
|
Verb phrase
|
A verb phrase is the portion of a
sentence that contains both the verb and either a direct or indirect object
(the verb’s dependents).
|
|
Sentence
|
(Linguistics)
a sequence of words capable of standing alone to make an assertion, ask a
question, or give a command, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate
containing a finite verb.
|
|
Determiners
|
Determiners
are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come
at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one
determiner in the same noun phrase. //
a word,
such as a number, article, personal pronoun, that determines (limits) the
meaning of a noun phrase,Articles, Possessive Adjectives, Other
determiners//
|
|
Adjectives
|
An
adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something
(a noun or a pronoun).
Are
generally used in the order: quantity-->opinion-->size-->age-->shape-->color-->origin-->material-->purpose.
|
|
Adverb
|
a word or
group of words that serves to modify a whole sentence, a verb, another
adverb, or an adjective; for example, probably, easily, very, and happily respectively
in the sentence They could probably easily envy the very happily married couple.
|
|
Noun
|
A noun is a word used to name a person,
animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words
which small children learn.
A noun
can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, anindirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, anappositive, an adjective or an adverb.
Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns, Countable Nouns, Non-Countable Nouns, Collective Nouns
|
|
Pronoun
|
Pronouns
are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead
of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to
repeat a lot of nouns.
Types of pronouns:
Personal, Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative,
Reflexive, Reciprocal, Indefinite, Relative, Pronoun
Case.
|
|
Prepositional Phrase
|
A phrase
that consists of a preposition and its object and has adjectival or adverbial
value, such as in the house in the people in the house or by him in The book was
written by him
|
|
Auxiliary Verb
|
Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs
|
|
Verb
|
The
verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something
about the subject of the sentence and
express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the
critical element of the predicate of a sentence.
|
|
Semantics
Semantics is the study of the meaning in language.
Semantics (from Greek: σημαντικός sēmantikós) is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation.Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
(Linguistics) the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings
the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language
: the meanings of words and phrases in a particular context
Semantics is the study of the meaning of language. It also deals with varieties and changes in the meaning of words, phrases, sentences and text.
The study of discussing the meaning/interpretation of words or groups of words within a certain context; usually in order to win some form of argument. |
The study of the concepts that people compile in their heads when they process the
meanings of words (nouns, verbs, prepositions, articles) and the grammatical
constructionsinwhich thosewords appear.
Semantics is a sub discipline of linguistics which focuses on the study of meaning. Semantics tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as interpreted, obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of language.[1]
Semantics is closely linked with another sub discipline of linguistics, pragmatics, which is also, broadly speaking, the study of meaning. However, unlike pragmatics, semantics is a highly theoretical research perspective, and looks at meaning in language in isolation, in the language itself, whereas pragmatics is a more practical subject and is interested in meaning in language in use.
The field of linguistics concerned with the study of meaning inlanguage.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words.
Semantics is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.
Suscribirse a:
Entradas (Atom)