Syntax

Terms	Definition
Syntax	In linguistics, the study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is one of the major components of grammar. http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/syntax.htm
Grammar	the structure and system of a language, or of languages in general, usually considered to consist of syntax and morphology. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/
Parse Tree	is an (ordered, rooted) tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some formal grammar. In a parse tree, the interior nodes are labeled by non-terminals of the grammar, while the leaf nodes are labeled by terminals of the grammar.  http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Parse_tree.html
Noun Phrase	A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it. http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/nounphrase.htm
Verb phrase	A verb phrase is the portion of a sentence that contains both the verb and either a direct or indirect object (the verb’s dependents).  http://examples.yourdictionary.com/verb-phrase-examples.html
Sentence	(Linguistics) a sequence of words capable of standing alone to make an assertion, ask a question, or give a command, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate containing a finite verb. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sentence
Determiners	Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. // http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adjectives-determiners.htm a word, such as a number, article, personal pronoun, that determines (limits) the meaning of a noun phrase,Articles, Possessive Adjectives, Other determiners// http://www.thefreedictionary.com/determiner
Adjectives	An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). Are generally used in the order: quantity-->opinion-->size-->age-->shape-->color-->origin-->material-->purpose.  http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/partsofspeech/adjectives/
Adverb	a word or group of words that serves to modify a whole sentence, a verb, another adverb, or an adjective; for example, probably, easily, very, and happily respectively in the sentence They could probably easily envy the very happily married couple. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/adverb
Noun	A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.  A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, anindirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, anappositive, an adjective or an adverb. Types Of Nouns Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns, Countable Nouns, Non-Countable Nouns, Collective Nouns http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/nouns.html
Pronoun	Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns.  Types of pronouns: Personal, Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative, Reflexive, Reciprocal, Indefinite, Relative, Pronoun Case. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htm
Prepositional Phrase	A phrase that consists of a preposition and its object and has adjectival or adverbial value, such as in the house in the people in the house or by him in The book was written by him http://www.thefreedictionary.com/prepositional+phrase.
Auxiliary Verb	Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs
Verb	The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.

Semantics

Semantics is the study of the meaning in language.

Semantics (from Greek: σημαντικός sēmantikós) is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation.Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics

 (Linguistics) the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/semantics

the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language

: the meanings of words and phrases in a particular context

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

Semantics is the study of the meaning of language. It also deals with varieties and changes in the meaning of words, phrases, sentences and text.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-semantics.html

The study of discussing the meaning/interpretation of words or groups of words within a certain context; usually in order to win some form of argument. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=semantics the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/semantics semantics  (sɪˈmæntɪks)  — n 1. the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principlesthat govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings 2. the study of the relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent 3. logic a. the study of interpretations of a formal theory b. the study of the relationship between the structure of a theory and its subject matter c. (of a formal theory) the principles that determine the truth or falsehood of sentences within thetheory, and the references of its terms http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semantics Semantics: study of the relation between form and meaning. http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/doubtfire/Semantics/Chapter_1_What_is_meaning.pdf

The study of the concepts that people compile in their heads when they process the

meanings of words (nouns, verbs, prepositions, articles) and the grammatical

constructionsinwhich thosewords appear.

http://www.colorado.edu/ling/courses/LAM3430/Whatsemanticsis.pdf

Semantics is a sub discipline of linguistics which focuses on the study of meaning. Semantics tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as interpreted, obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of language.^[1]

Semantics is closely linked with another sub discipline of linguistics, pragmatics, which is also, broadly speaking, the study of meaning. However, unlike pragmatics, semantics is a highly theoretical research perspective, and looks at meaning in language in isolation, in the language itself, whereas pragmatics is a more practical subject and is interested in meaning in language in use.

https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/branches/semantics/what-is-semantics

The field of linguistics concerned with the study of meaning inlanguage.

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/semanticsterm.htm

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words. 

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.

http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm

Morphology

	Morphology:

• The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.
• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/morphology

• a study and description of word formation (as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morphology

• Morphology is the study of morphemes, obviously.  Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or grammar.  It is specifically grammatical morphemes that this chapter will focus on.
• http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/morphology.html

Branch

Linguistic

Study 

Structure

Word

Language

Morphology is the branch of linguistic that studies the structure of words and it formation. 

Word	Definition	Example
Morpheme	A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language, which has a meaning or grammatical function.	Un
Free Morpheme	A morpheme that can carry meaning on its own, and does not require a prefix, suffix, or infix it give it meaning.	Book
Bound Morpheme	Are morphemes that never exist as words themselves, but are always atached to some other morpheme,  that can only occur when bound to a root morpheme	happi-ness
Prefix	is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.	unacceptable
Suffix	is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word.	musician
Infix	is a group of letters placed in the side of a word to make a new word.	abso-blooming-lutely
Affix	a linguistic element added to a word or root to produce a derived or inflected form: -ment in establishment is a derivational affix; -s in drowns is an inflectional affix See also prefix, suffix, infix	exploration
Derivational Morpheme	it create or derive new words by changing the meaning or by changing the word class	quickness
Inflectional Morpheme	it doesn´t alter words, the meaning or word class of a word. Exam: Cat- Cats

Word	Number of Syllables	Number of Morphemes
Unlikely	3	3
Happiness	3	2
Loves	1	2
Morphology	4	2
syntax	2-1

The types of formation processes:

Derivation:

Is the most common  worf formation process,  build new words by adding morphemes to stems. (Affixes).

We have the morpheme Respect and add one morpheme at the beginnig: dis

We put them together and get a new word:

Disrespect

Compounding:

Is the process of putting words together to build a new one that "does not denote two things, but one", and that is "pronounced as one unit".

We have the morpheme home and add the morpheme work. We put them together and get a new word:

Homework. 

Acronyms:

Are pronounced as a single words.

We have the morpheme Interpol that means:  International Criminal Police  

Onomatopeia:

This special type of word that depicts "the sound associated with what is named, the sound associated with what is named.

We have the morpheme Click